Transportation Emissions Proposals from the 110th Congress

H.R. 3118: To promote the production and use of ethanol. Among other provisions, this bill amends the Petroleum Practices Act to require the Secretary of Energy to establish a grant program for research into developing sweet sorghum as an ethanol feedstock to supplement corn; and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ethanol production is a stated goal of the program. This bill is similar to H.R. 2858, also sponsored by Rep. Terry, except that instead of replacing corn with sweet sorghum as an ethanol feedstock, this bill intends to supplement corn with sweet sorghum.

Sponsor: Rep. Lee Terry (R-NE)

H.R. 3221: New Direction for Energy Independence, National Security, and Consumer Protection Act. This is the House of Representatives’ energy bill for 2007. The following summary includes only the provisions most pertinent to climate change.

· Among other provisions, the bill makes a Congressional declaration that it shall be United States policy to engage in international climate negotiations with the objective of creating a new instrument that will come into force by the time that the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol ends in 2012. Such an instrument will, at a minimum, require binding mitigation commitments from all major emitting countries. The title also mandates the creation of an Office on Global Climate Change within the State Department.

· The bill also authorizes funds to promote research in solar energy, biofuels, marine renewable energy, and geothermal energy, and authorizes funds for carbon capture and storage research, development, and demonstration.

· In addition, it directs the President to “establish an interagency committee to ensure cooperation and coordination of all Federal research activities” pertaining to human-induced or natural changes in the global environment, including global climate change.

· The bill contains provisions which direct each federal agency to annually inventory and report its GHG emissions, and requires the EPA to promulgate annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets for the total emissions of all agencies taken as a whole, for each fiscal year from 2010 through 2050.

· The bill also sets GHG emissions standards for federal vehicle fleets, based on the California Code of Regulations, and requires the Secretary of Energy to establish new efficiency standards for federal buildings.

· The bill requires the Secretary of the Interior to develop a methodology for assessing the nation’s capacity to store carbon dioxide in geologic formations. It also requires the Secretary to conduct an assessment of the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal ecosystems, including estuaries; and to determine the potential for increasing carbon storage in natural ecosystems.

· It also requires the Secretary of the Interior to create the National Resources Management Council on Climate Change to address the impacts of climate change on Federal lands, the ocean environment, and the Federal water infrastructure. It requires the Secretary to promulgate a national strategy for assisting wildlife populations and their habitats in adapting to the impacts of global warming. The title also directs the Secretary of Commerce to develop and implement a national strategy to predict, plan for, and mitigate the impacts on ocean and coastal ecosystems from global warming, relative sea level rise and ocean acidification; and ensure the recovery, resilience, and health of ocean and coastal ecosystems.

· The title also authorizes $250 million to establish a National Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System to improve the nation’s ability to measure, track, explain, and predict events related directly and indirectly and indirectly to weather and climate change.

· The Transportation and Infrastructure section of this bill, among other provisions, mandates the establishment of a Center for Climate Change and Environment within the Department of Transportation, which would plan, coordinate, and implement department-wide initiatives and research to reduce transportation-related energy use, mitigate the effects of climate change, and address the impacts of climate change on transportation and infrastructure. The title also directs Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the EPA to report to Congress on low-cost solutions to reducing congestion and transportation-related energy use and mitigating the effects of climate change.

· The Energy and Commerce section of this bill contains a number of energy efficiency provisions, among them: improving the schedule for consensus standards, updating appliance test procedures, new efficiency standards for lighting, residential boilers, industrial motors, washing machines, and dishwashers. The title also establishes new efficiency standards for power supplies and transformers for consumer electronic equipment.

· In addition, the bill mandates the creation of an Office of High-Performance Green Buildings, and sets out increased efficiency standards for federal buildings, as well as increased efficiency standards for state residential and commercial building codes. It also authorizes grants to support state implementation of green building codes.

· The title also provides technical assistance and a revolving fund for implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems and sustainable energy infrastructure. Finally, the title contains a number of provisions promoting creation of a Smart Grid, and mandates the promulgation of a National Action Plan for Demand Response.

· The tax provisions of this bill expand and extend tax credits and deductions for renewable energy, energy efficient appliance credit for a variety of appliances produced after 2007, energy-efficient commercial buildings deduction for five years (through December 31, 2013), and allows electric utilities to depreciate smart electric meters over a five year period. In addition, the bill orders the Secretary of the Treasury and the National Academy of Sciences to review the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to identify the types of and specific tax provisions that have the largest effects on carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions and to estimate the magnitude of those effects.

Sponsor: Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) (18 Cosponsors)

H.R. 3781:   Biodiesel Promotion and Quality Assurance Act of 2007. This bill would amend the Clean Air Act to direct the Administrator of the EPA to establish a biodiesel standard of 450 million gallons in 2008, and increasing to 1.250 billion gallons in 2012. After 2012, the volume of the standard would be determined by the Administrator. The bill would also require the Administrator to promulgate regulations to ensure that only high-quality biodiesel is introduced into commerce. In its findings section, the bill states that a strong biodiesel industry will provide greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefits and that biodiesel contributes to cleaner air and lifecycle reductions of GHGs. The bill further states that the U.S. Department of Agriculture lifecycle study shows a 78.4 reduction in lifecycle carbon dioxide for B100; that 1 billion gallons of biodiesel will reduce current life cycle GHG emissions by 16.12 billion pounds; that in 2006, biodiesel’s contribution to reducing GHGs was equal to removing 350,000 passenger vehicles from U.S. roads; and states that biodiesel is the most viable transportation fuel when measuring its carbon footprint, life cycle and energy balance.

Sponsor: Rep. Baron P. Hill (D-IN) (20 Cosponsors)

H.R. 4122: American Investment in Safe, Reliable High-Speed Rail Act. This bill contains various provisions that would establish high-speed rail in the United States. In its findings section, it states, “[h]igh-speed rail will greatly reduce carbon dioxide emissions by reducing vehicle travel and make major contribut[ions] to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global warming.” It also states that “[h]igh-speed rail will be a state-of-the-art transportation system that will have an impact on climate change.”

Sponsor: Rep. Jim Costa (D-CA) (2 Cosponsors)

H.R. 4122: High-Speed Rail Authority Development and Formation Act. This bill is similar to H.R. 4122—by the same sponsor—except that it would establish the National High-Speed Rail Authority within the Department of Transportation to encourage and assist with planning, development, and construction of high-speed rail systems in the United States. It retains the findings language in H.R. 4122, linking high-speed rail use to decreased transportation emissions which contribute to global climate change.

Sponsor: Rep. Jim Costa (D-CA) (2 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5437:   American-Made Energy Act of 2008. This bill contains a number of provisions intended to promote domestic energy production and the development of fossil-based and alternative domestic energy resources. In the section promoting research and development into biomass-based industrial products, the bill states that biobased fuels provide near-zero net greenhouse gas emissions. The bill would also direct the Secretaries of Agriculture and Energy to direct research and development towards, among other purposes, improving analysis of lifecycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions from biomass-based industrial products, including emissions related to direct and indirect land use changes which are attributable to all potential biofuel feedstocks and production processes. The bill includes a separate carbon capture and sequestration subtitle, which would expand and modify the advanced coal project investment credit with a variety of provisions, including a requirement that projects separate and sequester at least 65% of the project’s total carbon dioxide, and that highest priority be given to projects with the greatest separation and sequestration percentage of total CO₂ emissions.

Sponsor: Rep. Mike Ross (D-AR) (11 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5560: <!--[if !mso]>

Sponsor: Rep. Peter Welch (77 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5951:

Safe and Complete Streets Act of 2008. This bill would promote the implementation of a “complete streets program” across the country, meaning roadways that accommodate all travelers, particularly users of public transit, bicyclists, pedestrians (including individuals of all ages as well as individuals with mobility, sensory, neurological, or hidden disabilities), and motorists to enable all users to use the roadway safely and efficiently. In its findings section, the bill cites the limiting of greenhouse gas emissions as a benefit of the full integration of all modes of transportation in the design of streets and highways.

Sponsor: Rep. Doris Matsui (D-CA) (4 Cosponsors)

H.R. 6052:

Saving Energy Through Public Transportation Act of 2008. Among other provisions, this bill would require federal agencies to offer transit pass transportation fringe benefits. It would further require agencies to review their implementation of these benefits, including greenhouse gas emissions reductions resulting from reductions in single-occupancy vehicle use by employees.

Sponsor: Rep. James Oberstar (D-MN) (20 Cosponsors)

H.R. 6186: <!--[if !mso]>

Sponsor: Rep. Edward J. Markey (D-MA)

H.R. 670: Dependence Reduction through Innovation in Vehicles and Energy (DRIVE) Act. The Act is designed to “promote the national security and stability of the United States economy by reducing the dependence of the United States on foreign oil through the use of alternative fuels and new vehicle technologies.” Among other provisions, the bill requires the Secretary of Energy to conduct programs of research, development, demonstration and commercial application for, and to provide research grants for, a variety of advanced transportation technologies, including electric drive transportation technology; and includes the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as a goal of these technologies.

Sponsor: Rep. Eliot Engel (D-NY) (79 Cosponsors)

H.R. 683: Investment in Energy Independence Act of 2006. The Act would provide income tax credits for investment in coal-to-liquid fuel, biomass, and oil shale energy projects. Investments in facilities which allow for the capture, transportation, or sequestration of carbon dioxide produced by the coal-to-liquid fuel process are also eligible for tax credits.

Sponsor: Rep. Ron Lewis (R-KY) (11 Cosponsors)

H.R. 931: America’s Domestic Fuels Act. The Act authorizes a total of $25 million to the Secretary of Energy to disburse as grants to “provide for the research, development, and demonstration of coal gasification technology as an energy source in ethanol production.” The total 2008 authorization includes $5 million for research and development activities, and $20 million for demonstration projects. Investigation of carbon capture and sequestration technology is a stated research aim of the grants.

Sponsor: Rep. Jerry Costello (D-IL) (12 Cosponsors)

H.R. 6 (Energy Bill as passed into law):

Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007. This is the final energy bill that was produced after negotiation among the White House, Senate, and House of Representatives. It incorporates elements of both H.R. 3221 and H.R. 6.

· Among other provisions, the bill establishes a renewable fuel standard, to reach 36 billion gallons by 2022, with 21 billion of those gallons to be from advanced biofuels. The bill mandates that renewable fuels produced from facilities that commence operations after enactment shall achieve at least 20% reduction in life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared to gasoline. The bill also directs the President to establish criteria for a system of voluntary labeling of renewable fuels based on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions.

· The bill directs the Secretary of Transportation to increase Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations to achieve a combined standard for passenger cars and light trucks of at least 35 miles per gallon by 2020. For model years 2021 through 2031, the Secretary would have to establish the "maximum feasible" standard for the fleet. In establishing the maximum feasible standard, the bill directs the Secretary to consider the emissions of GHGs over the lifecycle of the fuel and the resulting costs to human health, the economy, and the environment.

· The bill also provides technical assistance and a revolving fund for implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems and sustainable energy infrastructure. It contains a number of provisions promoting creation of a Smart Grid, and mandates the promulgation of a National Action Plan for Demand Response.

· The bill directs the President to establish a program to provide grants for research support to facilitate the development of sustainable markets and technologies to use woody biomass and other low carbon fuels, including research into methods of assessing and certifying the impacts of low-carbon fuels with respect to reductions in lifecycle GHG emissions, among other impacts.

· The bill also directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a grant program to encourage the production of advanced biofuels. It requires the Secretary to award grants to the proposals for advanced biofuels with the greatest reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to the comparable vehicle fuel lifecycle emissions in calendar year 2007, with at least a 50% such reduction needed to be eligible.

· The bill amends the Clean Air Act to direct the Administrator of the EPA to work with the EPA to conduct 2 studies on the effects of increased domestic use of renewable fuels under this act, including an assessment and quantification of significant changes in GHG emissions, among others.

· Among other provisions, the bill directs the Secretary of Energy to conduct an applied research program for plug-in electric drive vehicle technology, including development of control systems optimized for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; it also directs the Secretary to establish a competitive program to provide grants for demonstrations of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. As part of the criteria, applicants are required to record GHG emissions.

· The bill also amends the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to establish an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Worker Training. It directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a competitive grant program for States to administer renewable energy and energy efficiency workforce development programs, and requires the Secretary to give priority to those States whose programs will be in line with meeting national and State goals for reducing GHG emissions, among other goals.

· The bill requires the Secretary of the Interior to develop a national assessment of the quantity of carbon stored in and released from terrestrial ecosystems, including from human-caused and natural fires, and the annual flux of GHGs in and out of terrestrial ecosystems. As part of the assessment, the Secretary must determine the processes that control the flux of GHGs in and out of terrestrial ecosystems; estimate the potential for increasing carbon sequestration in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems; develop near-term and long-term adaptation strategies or mitigation strategies that can be employed to enhance the sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, to reduce emissions of GHGs, and to adapt to climate change.

· The bill also requires the Secretary of the Interior to develop a method for measuring, monitoring, quantifying, and monetizing covered GHG emissions and reductions, including methods for allocating and managing offsets or credits.

· The bill amends the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to establish a program to promote and fund carbon capture and storage research, development, and demonstration. It authorizes a total of $1.425 billion for various of activities related to carbon capture and storage, including: fundamental science and engineering research; field testing of carbon dioxide sequestration in operating and depleted oil and gas fields, and geological formations including saline formations and unmineable coal seams; not less than 7 large-volume sequestration tests involving at least 1 million tons of carbon dioxide per year in a diversity of geological formations across the United States; and an assessment of the national capacity for carbon dioxide storage. The bill also directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a competitive grant program for the demonstration of carbon capture and storage from industrial sources.

· The bill also requires the Administrator of the EPA to establish a competitive grant demonstration program for projects to capture and store or use the carbon dioxide emitted from the Capitol power plant as a result of burning coal.

Sponsor: Rep. Nick Rahall (D-WV) (198 Cosponsors)

S. 1281: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, which, among other things, would authorize NASA to establish a zero-emissions aircraft research program to develop a hydrogen fuel cell-powered aircraft that would release no nitrogen oxide emissions into the environment.

Sponsor: Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX) (4 Cosponsors)

S. 2984: Future Investment to Lessen Long-term Use of Petroleum (FILL UP) Act, which would require any company that produces, refines, distributes or sells petroleum products to expend at least 1 percent of its total profits from the first quarter of 2006 to install infrastructure to dispense E-85 or other alternative fuels at gasoline service stations, and finds that E-85 fuel produces less GHG emissions than conventional gasoline.

Sponsor: Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL)

S. 3543: Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, which would raise fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles to 31.1 miles per gallon and for light trucks to 23.6 miles per gallon by model year 2009 and annually determine the associated annual reduction in GHG emissions. Additionally, the bill creates a green label program to be used to certify automobiles that adhere to specified fuel economy and GHG emission standards.

Sponsor: Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) (12 Cosponsors)

S. 3698: Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, which would reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and to 20 percent of 1990 levels by 2050, and authorizes the establishment of emissions markets to meet these targets. The bill would also set GHG emission standards for automobile fleets and electric generation facilities identical to those enacted by the state of California. The bill would also authorize EPA to accelerate the reductions if the National Academy of Sciences reports that global atmospheric concentrations in excess of 450 ppm CO₂ equivalent or an increase of global average temperatures above 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees C) have occurred or are more likely than not to occur in the foreseeable future. Additionally, the bill would set energy efficiency improvement standards and renewable energy standards for retail electricity suppliers as well as require all major stationary sources of GHG pollution report their emissions on an annual basis. The bill would also establish a task force to support the development and implementation of low-carbon energy technologies in developing countries, set a goal for the renewable content of gasoline and mandate that corporations inform investors of the potential impacts of global warming on corporate interests.

Sponsor: Sen. James Jeffords (I-VT) (10 Cosponsors)

S. 373: Renewable Hydrogen Passenger Vehicle Act, which, in a bill that promotes the use of passenger vehicles using hydrogen derived from renewable energy sources, finds that for permanent reductions GHG emissions, Congress should establish as a national goal the development of renewable hydrogen as a clean effective energy carrier.

Sponsor: Sen. Tom Harkin (D-IA)

S. 4000: National Fuels Initiative, which, among other things, finds that inefficient and unclean use of oil worsens the threat of global climate change, and requires major oil companies to install E-85 pumps at 50% of their stations by 2017.

S. 4003: Ethanol Infrastructure Expansion Act, which would require the Department of Energy to award funds to study the feasibility of constructing dedicated ethanol pipelines to increase the energy, economic, and environmental security of the United States and finds that ethanol is a clean, renewable fuel that provides public health benefits in the form of reduced emissions, including reduced GHG emissions that cause climate change.

(1 Cosponsors)

S. 4039: Global Warming Reduction Act, which would reduce GHG emissions to 85% percent of 2010 levels by 2020 and to 35% of 2010 levels by 2050, and authorizes the establishment of emissions markets to meet these targets. The bill would also set GHG emission standards for automobile fleets. Requires the US to derive 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Includes a resolution urging the United States to re-engage in international climate negotiations.

Sponsor: Sen. John F. Kerry (D-MA) (1 Cosponsors)

S. 665: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Act, which would require DOE to conduct a R&D program on hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology which, among other things, reduce “carbon footprints” – i.e., the sum of carbon equivalent emissions from all energy conversion processes occurring from raw material through hydrogen production, distribution, and use.

Sponsor: Sen. Byron Dorgan (N-ND) (5 Cosponsors)

S. 918: E-85 Fuel Utilization and Infrastructure Development Incentives Act, which would provide a retail sales credit of 35 cents for each gallon of alternative fuel, including any fuel of at least 85% ethanol, sold at retail fueling station. The bill states that high ration blend gasoline has the benefit of reducing GHG emissions.

Sponsor: Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL) (3 Cosponsors)

S. 927: Fuel Cell And Hydrogen Technology Study, which would require DOE to contract with the National Academy of Sciences to provide a budget roadmap for the development of fuel cell technologies and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in a significant percentage of the vehicles sold by 2020, and which would consider whether other technologies would be less expensive or could be more quickly implemented than fuel cell technologies to achieve significant reductions in CO₂ emissions.

Sponsor: Sen. Carl Levin (D-MI)

H. Res. 971: A nonbinding resolution expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Congress should enact legislation to slow, stop, and reverse the growth of the Nation's dependence on imported oil in ways that provide cleaner air, reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, and enhance America's competitiveness.

(3 Cosponsors)

H.R. 242: Surface Transportation Research and Development Act, which, among other things, would direct the Department of Transportation to study the relationship between transportation, energy, and climate change, including strategies to reduce GHG emissions, and evaluate the potential effects of climate change on the nation’s transportation systems as part of the National Climate Change Technology Initiative and the Climate Change Research Initiative.

H.R. 243: Intelligent Transportation Systems Act, which authorizes the Department of Transportation to study the relationship between transportation, energy, and climate change, including strategies to reduce GHG emissions, and evaluate the potential effects of climate change on the nation’s transportation systems as part of the National Climate Change Technology Initiative and the Climate Change Research Initiative.

H.R. 3059: Alternative Fuel Utilization and Infrastructure Development Incentives Act, which, in a bill that promotes the use of blends of gasoline with a minimum 85 percent domestically derived ethanol content (E-85), find that recent studies confirm the environmental and overall energy security benefits of E-85.

(7 Cosponsors)

H.R. 3070: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, which, among other things, would authorize NASA to establish a zero-emissions aircraft research program to develop a hydrogen fuel cell-powered aircraft that would release no NOx emissions into the environment.

(1 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5372: Bioenergy Innovation, Optional Fuel Utilization, and Energy Legacy (BIOFUEL) Act, which would require that, by 2015, 20% of a ll light duty motor vehicle fuel (other than diesel fuel) sold in the United States be derived from renewable sources, and that all diesel fuel sold must contain at least 15% biodiesel. Additionally, the bill would require that, by 2013, 75 percent of all vehicles sold in the US be dual fueled, and that motor fuel retailers install E-85 fuel pumps once the flexible-fuel vehicle market penetration in a region reaches 15 percent. The bill also expresses the sense of Congress that carbon trading policies should be instituted to compensate farmers for their carbon sequestration activities.

(61 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5375: New Options for Petroleum Energy Conservation Act, which would amend the IRS code to include tax credits for electricity produced from climate neutral combustion processes which would include capturing CO₂ released during combustion and using that CO₂ to recover hydrocarbon fuel from below ground, as well as producing no atmospheric emissions of mercury or GHGs and no emissions that form fine particles, smog, or acid rain. This bill would also extend the energy credit for solar energy property and energy efficient property.

(1 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5531: A bill which finds that hybrid vehicles produce fewer GHG emissions than conventional vehicles and would require the Federal government to acquire not fewer than 50,000 plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

H.R. 5538: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Act, which would provide for a research and development program for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, requiring, among other things, that GHG emissions data be collected on the vehicles.

(16 Cosponsors)

H.R. 5959: To Encourage Alternatively fueled vehicle Manufacturing (TEAM) up for Energy Independence Act, which would impose an excise tax on automobiles sold in the US that are not alternative fuel vehicles, defined as vehicles that use a fuel that with 80% fewer GHG emissions than vehicles using petroleum-derived fuel, calculated over the full fuel cycle.

H.R. 6025: Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuel Promotion Act, which would amend the Energy Policy Act by authorizing the Department of Energy to appropriate funds for coal-to-liquid facilities (including the carbon sequestration elements of such facilities).

H.R. 6249: To authorize the Secretary of Energy to make price floor loans to low-carbon coal-to-liquid fuel projects.

(1 Cosponsors)

H.R. 722: Securing Transportation Energy Efficiency for Tomorrow Act, which, in a bill promoting climate-friendly transportation technologies, finds that the transportation sector is responsible for 27% of U.S. GHG emissions, with transportation-related emissions of CO₂ increasing by 21% between 1992 and 2002.

(29 Cosponsors)

S. 1072: Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003, which, among other things, would establish a multimodal energy and climate change program to study the relationship of energy, transportation, and climate change, and call for the development of strategies to reduce GHG emissions from transportation. (See H.R. 2088) This language was stripped from the bill when it was reported out of committee. This bill was introduced at the request of the Bush Administration.

(3 Cosponsors)

S. 2541: NASA Authorization Act of 2004, which, among other things, finds that an aggressive initiative by the federal government to develop aircraft technologies would reduce the rate at which greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere by aircraft. The bill also would earmark $5 million annually for climate change research.

Sponsor: Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) (3 Cosponsors)

S. 309: Aeronautics Research and Development Revitalization Act of 2003, which, among other things, includes a finding that an aggressive federal initiative to develop technologies that would significantly reduce aircraft noise, harmful emissions, and fuel consumption would also benefit the United States by reducing the rate at which greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere by aircraft.

Sponsor: Sen. George Allen (R-VA) (2 Cosponsors)

S. 788: Second Century of Flight Act, which, among other things, would direct the Federal Aviation Administration to research emerging aircraft technologies to minimize the effects on climate change, and would direct NASA to research technologies enabling commercial aircraft to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Sponsor: Sen. Ernest F. Hollings (D-SC) (8 Cosponsors)

S. 821: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Energy Act of 2003, which would seek, among other things, to reduce the life cycle pollution and GHG emissions from energy use by promoting, e.g., hydrogen R&D, federal purchasing of stationary fuel cells, and tax incentives for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles and related infrastructure.

S. 824: The Aviation Administration FY2004-2006 Authorizations Act, which, among other things, would develop a research and implementation plan for the application of emerging aircraft technologies that would minimize the effects on climate change per unit of production of thrust and flight speed.

Sponsor: Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) (3 Cosponsors)

H.R. 1299: Hydrogen Fuel Act of 2003, which includes, among other things, a finding that it is in the national interest to support the development of a light duty vehicle fleet that is free or near free of GHG emissions.

Sponsor: Rep. Sherwood Boehlert (R-NY)

H.R. 1395: To provide for the establishment of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application programs for fuel cell and hydrogen production, delivery, and storage technologies for transportation and stationary applications. The bill would require the Department of Energy, among other things, to award projects for hydrogen production and capture of associated carbon dioxide.

Sponsor: Rep. John B. Larson (D-CT)

H.R. 1491: Securing Transportation Energy Efficiency for Tomorrow Act of 2003, which, among other things, finds that the transportation sector is responsible for 27% of US GHGs, with transportation-related emissions of carbon dioxide increasing by nearly 15% in the 1990's.

Sponsor: Rep. James L. Oberstar (D-MN) (22 Cosponsors)

H.R. 1773: George E. Brown, Jr. and Robert S. Walker Hydrogen Future Act of 2003, which would establish a program to accelerate the use of hydrogen and related technologies in stationary and transportation applications, among other things, addressing production of hydrogen from fossil fuels, in conjunction with carbon capture and sequestration.

Sponsor: Rep. Sherwood L. Boehlert (R-NY)

H.R. 1774: The Freedom Act, which promotes hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and finds, among other things, finds that it is in the national interest to develop a light duty vehicle fleet that substantially reduces dependence on foreign petroleum, assists the nation in meeting its requirements under the Clean Air Act and reduces greenhouse gas emissions in a manner that maintains the freedom of consumers to purchase the kinds of vehicles they wish to drive and the freedom to refuel those vehicles safely, affordably, and conveniently.

Sponsor: Rep. Sherwood L. Boehlert (R-NY)

H.R. 1777: A bill to provide for the establishment at the Department of Energy of a program for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and infrastructure. Among other things, the bill would require DOE to address the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels, which may include carbon capture and sequestration.

Sponsor: Rep. Sherwood L. Boehlert (R-NY)

Fund	2010-2019		2020-2050		2012-2050
Fund	% of allowance value	Est. annual funding ($ billions)	% of allowance value	Est. annual funding ($ billions)	Est. cumulative funding ($ billions)
General Fund of the Treasury	51	110	48	110	4,290
Climate Trust Rebate Fund	7.5	110	7	110	4,290
Low-Carbon Technology Fund	12.5	24	12.5	25	963
National Energy Efficiency Fund	12.5	24	12.5	25	963
Agriculture and Forestry Carbon Fund	4.5	8	5	10	378
Climate Change Worker Transition Fund	1.5	3	2	4	147
National Climate Change Adaptation Fund	2	7	2.5	9	332
Natural Resource Conservation Fund	1.5	7	2	9	332
International Forest Protection Fund	1.5	3	2	4	147
International Clean Technology Fund	3.5	7	4	8	301
International Climate Change Adaptation Fund	2	4	2.5	5	185

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Transportation Emissions Proposals from the 110th Congress